Dmitri
Shostakovich
SYMPHONY
NR.11, Op.103 "The Year 1905"
Royal Scottish National Symphony Orchestra.
Dir: Alexander Lazarev.
(LINN)
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A primera audición, la Sinfonía Nr.11 es en
apariencia una obra "propagandista" de los
"valores" del realismo socialista soviético, al haber sido
compuesta en homenaje a una fecha notable de las efemérides patrias, pero al
examinarla en profundidad de nuevo nos encontramos con los enigmas cifrados que sólo un genio como Shostakovich podía plantear en su música. Una obra
conmemorativa en apariencia se torna en una hermosa y conmovedora página evocadora
del eterno ciclo de sufrimiento-reivindicación que han vivido los pueblos oprimidos en lo general, Rusia en lo particular.
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La
obra fue compuesta en 1957, cuatro años después de la extinción de la férula
estalinista. El argumento de la
música está basado en los hechos que circundaron a lo que se conoce como el "Domingo Sangriento" (9 de enero de 1905, calendario juliano), y que no fueron más que el
preludio a la gran revolución de 12 años más tarde. El compositor debería haberla concluido lógicamente para el
año 1955, en conmemoración del cincuentenario, pero diversos disturbios
familiares y personales se lo impidieron, y no fué hasta el año siguiente, 1956, en que el
mismo decidiría salir de su inercia. ¿Qué lo sacó de ese marasmo?
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El 30
de noviembre de 1956, los tanques soviéticos invaden Hungría, y se aplasta
sangrientamente la revolución nacionalista húngara. Se instala entonces el
gobierno comunista pro-soviético de Janos Kádar y miles de personas son ejecutadas,
encarceladas ó enviadas a los Gulag. Los eventos en Hungría habrían despertado la inspiración creativa de Shostakovich, y de este modo nació la 11ma
sinfonía. La obra evoca pues en apariencia a las víctimas de la cruel
autocracia zarista, pero en sentido más amplio hace memoria a
todas las víctimas de todas las tiranías y todos los despotismos del antes y después.
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La
obra fue estrenada el 30 de octubre de 1957, en Leningrado, con la Orquesta de
la Union Soviética, bajo la dirección de Natan Rakhlin. El éxito fue inmediato
y colosal, el compositor no era aclamado a estos niveles desde la creación de
la ¨Leningrado", y le valió al año siguiente el
Premio Lenin a las artes, así como su rehabilitación de la mocion de censura
que se le había impuesto 10 años antes a consecuencia de la "doctrina
Zhdanov"... Shostakovich volvía a ser héroe de la Unión Soviética.
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La
sinfonía está estructurada a modo de obra programática, de tonalidades épicas y de proporciones narrativas cinematográficas, una "música de película, pero sin
película". La misma es definitivamente tonal, en estilo romántico, pero distribuida en los clásicos cuatro movimientos. La orquestación
figura dentro de la más característica de lo mejor del compositor y el trato de
los temas y el simbolismo sugieren mucho a Mussorgsky, quien siempre fue uno de
los íconos de Shostakovich. Cada uno de los cuatro movimientos conllevan un
título alegórico, lo cual soporta el análisis de la obra como programática:
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1) La
Plaza del Palacio de Invierno (Adagio): en una música introductoria, ominosamente atmosférica,
el compositor representa el ambiente general en los tiempos previos a la masacre. La música es distante, subrepticia, oscilante, amenazante, embrionaria, con melodías de vientos y sonidos de percusión que apenas se
insinúan aquí y alla, sin disparar un verdadero desarrollo. Algunos recursos
mahlerianos no dejan de apreciarse en esta introducción.
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2) El
9 de Enero (22 de enero, calendario occidental): tras una tranquila transición,
el 1er movimiento abre paso sin pausa a este inolvidable Allegro, que pasa a
narrar los hechos propios de ¨el día en cuestión¨. El mismo se divide en dos
partes, una primera que evoca a los manifestantes congregándose en un lado de
la Plaza del Palacio, y a la guardia zarista en el otro lado aguardando
órdenes. La música va adquiriendo fuerza y turbulencia y tras un pasaje
intermedio calmado se abre paso un estridente y violento tambor militar que
inicia la segunda parte, o sea la masacre. Se desencadena una implacable marcha
militar que representa a la tropa arremetiendo y matando sin piedad a los
manifestantes, con golpes de timbal y tam-tam que sugieren disparos, en un
descriptivismo musical aterrador. Finaliza la masacre y en ese momento, al
igual que en la inolvidable marcha de la Sinfonía Leningrado, la música se
quiebra, creando en el escucha un golpe psicológico definitivo. La calma del
1er movimiento vuelve a cargo de unas cuerdas lejanas y nos hacen ver
fácilmente a la gran Plaza del Palacio desolada, plena de cadáveres y nieve.
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3)
Memorial eterno (In Memoriam): a continuación y de nuevo sin pausa, adviene el tercer
movimiento, un adagio en forma de marcha fúnebre, melancólica y torturada, y
que constituye un lamento a la violencia. Luego de la ferocidad implacable del
movimiento anterior, actúa a modo de analgésico, y como transición al
movimiento final.
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4)
Tocsin (La Campana): la obra finaliza con este formidable Allegro non troppo,
que inicia a modo de marcha-scherzo cuasi-bruckneriano y que recopila diversos
materiales que ya hemos conocido en los movimientos precedentes. El estilo y el
simbolismo mussorgskianos adquieren relieve a medida que la orquesta va
aumentando su intervención en el desarrollo y la aparición de una gran campana
de alarma (Tocsin) establece un conflicto sonoro entre dos bandos (la Campana
tañe en sol menor mientras la orquesta lo hace en sol mayor) que pretende
comunicar una moraleja y el modo abrupto en que ambas finalizan de tocar al
mismo tiempo sugieren que ninguno de los bandos obtendrá ganancia hasta que
llegue la hora definitiva (1917).
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Les comparto las siempre interesantes notas de Mark Wigglesworth, en ésta ocasión referentes a la Undécima:
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Mark’s
notes on Shostakovich Symphony No. 11
Revolution
On
the morning of Sunday 9th January 1905, thousands of Russians gathered in front
of the Winter Palace in St Petersburg. The country’s economy was in dire
straits; and yet despite extreme poverty and hardship, the assembled crowd had
no intention of anything other than presenting their government with a peaceful
petition. They were simply asking to have their grievances heard and not only
did they expect to be received with respect and maybe even kindness, but
genuinely believed that the Tsar would be able help. Many of them had huge
regard for him; they even sang ‘God Save the Tsar’.
No
one will know what would have happened had an unnecessarily apprehensive Tsar
Nicholas II not made the tragic mistake of deciding at the last minute to leave
the city in advance of the demonstration. In his absence the people grew
restless and, when the police ordered them to disperse, confusion arose, and a
group of young and nervous Cossack troops suddenly opened fire. In the ensuing
chaos, over a thousand men, women, and children were mown down by gunfire. The
snow turned red with the blood that was spilled.
One
who survived was Dmitri Boleslavich Shostakovich, and his son Dmitri
Dmitriyevich was born the following year. The massacre was frequently discussed
in the young composer’s home, and its unprovoked brutality left an indelible
impression on the young and sensitive child. In Testimony, the book published
in 1979 by Solomon Volkov, Shostakovich is quoted as follows:
‘Our
family discussed the Revolution of 1905 constantly… the stories deeply affected
my imagination. When I was older I read much about how it all happened… They
were carting a mound of murdered children on a sleigh. The boys had been
sitting in the trees, looking at the soldiers, and the soldiers shot them –
just like that, for fun. They then loaded them on the sleigh and drove off. A
sleigh loaded with children’s bodies. And the dead children were smiling. They
had been killed so suddenly that they hadn’t time to be frightened.’
It
would therefore have been with understandably mixed feelings that fifty years
later the celebrated composer accepted a commission from the Soviet authorities
to write a symphony commemorating the event, and it is not surprising that it
took him a while to start its composition. It was perhaps events outside Russia
that in the end stimulated him to begin work.
On
25th October 1956, a build-up of local protests resulted in thousands of
Hungarians amassing in Budapest’s Parliament Square to demonstrate against
their government. The puppet régime that the Soviet Union had installed there
was particularly oppressive. Random abductions, false imprisonment, and forced
confessions equalled those of Stalin’s Russia, and rough estimates say that
over ten percent of the population had passed through the country’s torture
chambers and prison camps at some point since the Second World War.
When
the secret police turned their machine guns on the crowd, leaving an estimated
six hundred dead, Soviet tanks had to be sent in to put down the uprising that
followed. No one was more horrified than Shostakovich at the depressing repetition
of events that this seemed to exemplify and it was not hard to draw parallels
between Budapest in 1956 and St Petersburg in 1905. A similarly courageous
struggle for a just cause won the protesting Hungarians many tacit supporters
back in Russia.
But
tacit, of course, is what such support had to be. Despite Stalin’s death in
1953 and the undoubted ‘thaw’ that had followed, there was no lessening of the
risk incurred by suggesting that the Soviet reaction in Hungary was
heavy-handed and over the top. In appearing to describe a similar uprising of
fifty years before, Shostakovich was able to express his current sympathies
without upsetting anyone in the government.
Yet
it was not that difficult for anyone who wanted to draw comparisons between both
atrocities to be stimulated to do so on listening to the symphony. After the
première an elderly lady was overheard saying: ‘Those aren’t guns firing, they
are tanks roaring, and people being squashed.’ And when this was related to
Shostakovich, he is reported to have replied: ‘That means she understood it.’
Even the composer’s own son apparently asked his father: ‘Papa, what if they
hang you for this?’ But he was not hanged. In fact the work was a huge success
and resulted in a Lenin Prize for the composer the following year. It is ironic
that the symphony should have been so praised by a régime that it was probably
secretly denigrating.
It
makes sense for a work that is essentially about the spirit of revolution,
albeit a failed one, to have as its musical basis several revolutionary songs –
all of which would have been extremely well-known to contemporary Russians.
This was music that Shostakovich grew up singing as a child, and the texts
would have been so familiar to his audience that he did not feel any need to
have them articulated by voices. It raises the question as to whether a
non-Russian can relate to the symphony in the same way. The answer is probably
not, but the simplicity and power of the melodies themselves certainly evoke
the right emotion, even if it is experienced away from the specific context of
twentieth-century Russian history.
Played
without a pause, the symphony’s four movements are all given titles by the
composer. Palace Square serves as a slow introduction: its cold and desolate
vastness depict the snow-covered square at daybreak; ominous timpani strokes
fatefully suggest an uneasy calm, whilst distant brass fanfares evoke the
soldiers’ early morning ‘reveille’. As the sun rises, the melodies of two
revolutionary songs emerge. Listen! and The Prisoner were both well-known to
prisoners trying to come to terms with the slow pace of time whilst in
captivity, with only the crying of fellow inmates to keep them company during
the long dark nights.
Entitled
The Ninth of January, the following Allegro cinematically depicts the crowd, at
first calm, then gradually giving way to more impassioned pleas for help. But
these receive no answer, and we sense the people’s dejected frustration: a
silent stillness that is suddenly interrupted by the sound of rifling drum
shots, as seemingly unprovoked and unexpected as, by all accounts, the real
gunfire was in 1905. The confusion and panic in the music is unmistakable, as is
the hollow and ghostly emptiness of the terrifying quiet of the now lifeless,
body-strewn square with which the movement ends.
The
third movement, an Adagio headed In Memoriam, laments those who lost their
lives in the atrocity. Sometimes resigned and sad, in other places angry and
defiant, it is based on the revolutionary funeral march You fell as victims,
with un-selfish love for the people, a song that was heard at Lenin’s funeral in
1924.
The
finale, Tocsin (an alarm or warning bell), is a gesture of defiance on the part
of the survivors and on behalf of those who gave their lives in resistance. In
anticipation of future uprisings, it uses the songs Tremble, Tyrants and
Whirlwinds of Danger to predict an ultimate victory for the revolutionaries.
Whether
or not ‘the ultimate victory’ as manifested in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
was something to glorify is left unanswered by the composer. Though the ringing
bells that close the work suggest a certain triumph, they sound hollow in the
context of a resilient G minor tonality, and it could hardly be called an
optimistic ending to what is a very dark and brooding symphony as a whole. All
revolution is essentially tragic, just as all war is basically civil war, and
no bloodshed at any time, or any place, can ever be something to celebrate. Shostakovich
elaborated on the depressing nature of recurrence in Testimony:
‘I
think that many things repeat themselves in Russian history. Of course the same
event can’t repeat itself exactly, there must be differences, but many things
are repeated nevertheless. People think and act similarly in many things… I
wanted to show this recurrence in the Eleventh Symphony. I wrote it in 1957 and
it deals with contemporary themes even though it’s called “1905”. It’s about
the people, who have stopped believing because the cup of evil has run over.
That’s how the impressions of my childhood and my adult life come together. And
naturally, the events of my mature years are more meaningful.’
Ultimately,
the debate about whether Shostakovich is portraying the heroism of Russians in
1905 or Hungarians in 1956 is irrelevant. It does not matter whether he is
attacking the violence of Cossack troops or the aggression of Red Army tanks.
What is clear is his obvious empathy with all who try to rise up against
tyranny and his passionate antipathy towards all who oppress them. The symphony
may on the surface be a costume drama, but it is one that still resonates
today. In the end, Shostakovich writes about emotions and states of mind,
rather than specific dates, and even if he does use facts as his focus, they are
invariably symbols for universal sentiments. That is why his music remains both
timeless and topical.
©
Mark Wigglesworth 2009
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En cuanto a la discografía de la 11, la misma ya la había publicado hace algunos años, a través de una de mis grabaciones favoritas, la de Vladimir Ashkenazy con la orquesta local de San Petersburgo. Es una obra que requiere el máximo despliegue sonoro de una gran orquesta, y así tenemos grabaciones emblemáticas, las de pioneros como Leopold Stokowski, André Cluytens y el mismo Rakhlin, las más comerciales de los ciclos de Haitink, Rozhdestvensky, Petrenko, Wigglesworth ó el mismo Ashkenazy... De entre grabaciones modernas y en sonido ideal, una de las que más me ha impactado ha sido la de Alexander Lazarev al Frente de la Orquesta Nacional Escocesa (compensa la que Neeme Järvi no pudo hacer allí). Se trata de una grabación perfecta, de alto impacto, que toma plenamente el sentido cinematográfico de la obra, y en una calidad sonora que supera los estándares. Aunque se tenga una favorita, ésta debe ser conocida.
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M-S.
